Аналіз термодинамічних аспектів утворення промислових відходів

Abstract. The article presents a study of the concept of the theoretical minimum of waste generation, considered as a fundamental physical characteristic of the technological process. The work is based on the classical scientific works of prominent scientists such as I. Prigozhin, L. Onsager and M. Feigenbaum. In particular, the relationship between the production of the main commercial product and the inevitable generation of waste is analyzed. The study shows that achieving the minimum level of waste within the technological process itself requires not only a state of strong thermodynamic disequilibrium, but also the presence of a sufficient amount of additional external energy of a certain quality. It is substantiated that the calculated amount of this energy should be at least 62.5% of the basic energy used in the technological process. To confirm the theoretical conclusions, computational and experimental studies were conducted demonstrating the influence of various factors on waste generation. In particular, it was found that the entry of a thermodynamic system into the zone of pair bifurcation, defined by the parameters of the phenomenological equation of L. Onsager, significantly reduces the ability of the technological process to achieve its theoretical minimum of waste generation. This fact indicates the critical role of process stability and its sensitivity to internal changes. In addition, the article contains a justification for comparing the technological process with its thermodynamic dynamics with the mechanisms of Feigen-Baum chaos. It is shown that the variety of uncertainties that are always present in any production of commercial products, through such mechanisms, can indirectly lead to an avalanche-like increase in waste generation. This emphasizes the importance of taking into account nonlinear dynamics and uncertainty management for waste minimization. Thus, the study offers a comprehensive approach to waste analysis and minimization, combining the principles of thermodynamics, energy and chaos theory. The results of the work have important practical significance for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly production technologies.