Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) and carriers’ liability in carriage of goods by sea under the Hague-Visby Rules

Whether the carrier’s fault-based liability regime under the HVR can s5ll work in the context of MASSs is a prac5cal issue once the MASSs are deployed in commercial cargo shipping. This paper examines the applica5on of the HVR under English law, taking into account the technological features of MASSs and the recent development in AI-related regula5on. It argues that while the liability regime under the HVR remains viable in the MASS context, the current English law in interpre5ng the relevant rules of the HVR may need some adjustments and clarifica5on to adapt to the engagement of AI and the remoter operators in MASS opera5on.