Formulation and Characterization of Sonchus arvensis L. Nanosuspension for Enhanced Antioxidant and Lipid-Lowering Activities

Mohamed Mahmud E Aldeeb,1– 3 Gofarana Wilar,4 Cecep Suhandi,1,2 Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed,5 Ali El-Rayyes,6 Khaled M Elamin,7 Nasrul Wathoni2 1Doctoral Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia; 2Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Elmergib University, Alkhoms, 40414, Libya; 4Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt; 6Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia; 7Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, JapanCorrespondence: Nasrul Wathoni, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62-22-842-888-888, Email [email protected]: This study aimed to develop a nanosuspension formulation of Sonchus arvensis L. folium to enhance its antihyperlipidemic effectiveness by optimizing its particle size, stability, and pharmaceutical availability.Methods: Nanosuspensions were prepared using an antisolvent technique, with Tween 80 as the stabilizing agent. The formulations were characterized by particle size analysis, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) to evaluate their stability and uniformity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed nanoparticle formation, and stability assessments were conducted over 28 days under refrigerated conditions. In vitro release studies were conducted to assess sustained drug release, and antioxidant activity and lipid-lowering efficacy were compared to those of simvastatin.Results: The NS-Sa-4:1 formulation exhibited optimal properties, including an average particle size of 12.9 nm, zeta potential of − 12.5 mV, and PDI of 0.317, indicating a stable and uniform nanosuspension. TEM images revealed well-dispersed nanoparticles, and stability tests demonstrated the retention of these properties for up to 28 days. In vitro release studies showed sustained drug release, with 92.51% released within 24 h, surpassing the crude extract and other formulations. NS-Sa-4:1 also demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity and significant lipid-lowering effects compared with simvastatin.Conclusion: The nanosuspension of Sonchus arvensis L. folium, particularly NS-Sa-4:1, shows significant potential as an effective antihyperlipidemic therapy with improved stability, pharmaceutical availability, and therapeutic efficacy. Future research should focus on pharmacokinetics and in vivo studies to further validate these results.Keywords: Sonchus arvensis L., nanosuspension, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic