ТВАРИНИ НА ФРОНТІ: РОЛЬ ПАРНОКОПИТНИХ У ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ОПЕРАЦІЯХ ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

The aim of the article is to explore the role of horses, mules, and donkeys in military operations during World War I. Particular attention is paid to their contribution to supporting the army, the challenges they faced on the front lines, and their cultural heritage in the context of military history. The research methodology includes an interdisciplinary approach based on the analysis of memoirs from war participants, as well as cultural and anthropological studies dedicated to the interaction between humans and animals during wartime. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive examination of the role of animals during World War I, as well as in highlighting not only the practical but also the psychological and symbolic aspects of their participation in military operations. Conclusions. During World War I, animals played an extremely important role in military operations and the daily lives of soldiers. They were used both for direct support of the army on the battlefield and for psychological assistance, helping soldiers cope with stress and the harsh conditions of the front. Horses, dogs, pigeons, as well as many other animals were involved in performing important functions such as transporting goods, delivering messages, and maintaining communication between different units of the army. The role of horses was particularly noticeable; they were used to transport heavy artillery, ammunition, food supplies, and other equipment necessary for military operations. Mules and donkeys helped in places where larger animals could not move due to difficult terrain or hard-to-navigate paths. Although the involvement of animals in military conflicts has been known since ancient times, World War I was the first conflict where their role received widespread recognition. Many animals that participated in combat were honored after the war as true heroes. Their contribution to the victory of the Allied forces was so significant that in many countries, the memory of these “veterans” is still preserved today.