Молекулярні механізми екзосом та потенціал їхнього клінічного застосування (огляд літератури)

The article examines the theoretical and methodological principles of the mechanisms of influence of exosome, are released into the extracellular space by exocytosis, and play a key role in intercellular signaling. Due to their ability to transport bioactive molecules such as mRNAs, microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, exosomes regulate the cellular microenvironment, immune response, angiogenesis, peroxidation, proliferation, and repair processes. Their effect on dermal fibroblasts, keratocytes, and melanocytes creates new opportunities for tissue regeneration, extracellular matrix synthesis activation, and photoinduced and chronically induced skin aging correction. Due to this, exosomes are of great interest in all fields of medicine. Objective — to investigate and summarize current information on the therapeutic and regenerative potential of exosomes based on open sources of information and to improve further research in this area. Materials and methods. The publications were selected according to databases of Ukrainian and European publishers, which cover information on using exosomes in various fields of medicine and aesthetic cosmetology. The materials were studied in three stages. In the first stage, we searched the literature using the keyword «exosomes». In the second stage, we studied abstracts of articles and excluded publications that did not meet the criteria of the study. In the third stage, we studied the full texts of the selected articles that met the criteria for inclusion in the list of references and studies. Results and discussion. The article reviews and analyzes the current biotechnological possibilities of using exosomes to treat damaged tissues and rejuvenate the skin. Their effect on keratocytes, fibroblast proliferation and migration, melanogenesis, collagen stimulation, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and several other structures and functions is discussed step by step. Particular attention is drawn to their ability to transport biologically active molecules into target cells, stimulating natural regeneration and inhibiting skin photoaging. Conducting a theoretical analysis of this issue, our attention was drawn to exosomes derived from multipotent cells induced by human dermal fibroblasts, Hanheal products, presented by PlatinumMed, which makes it possible to avoid ethical problems in further research and immune rejection, as they are derived from the patient’s tissues, which makes them safe. These products are a revolutionary breakthrough in modern cosmetology and regenerative medicine. The use of advanced biotechnological methods that ensure the stability of exosomes and reduce the risk of contamination with foreign proteins or other biomolecules guarantees a high degree of purity, and the poly-component nature of the lyophilizer further enhances the multifunctional effect and bioactivity of the drug. Conclusions. Exosomes are universal carriers of bioactive molecules, and the cells that secrete them play a key role in regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Understanding the specifics of exosomes of each cell type opens up broad prospects for their use in therapy, aesthetic medicine, diagnostics, and bioengineering. To summarize the positive and negative aspects and to ensure the availability and safety of Hanheal exosome-based products presented by PlatinumMed, the theoretical analysis needs to be proven in practice, so the next step is to conduct a scientific study with these products.