Effectiveness of interactive dashboards to optimise prescribing in primary care: a protocol for a systematic review [version 2; peer review: 4 approved]

<p dir="ltr"><b>Introduction:</b><b> </b>Advances in therapeutics and healthcare have led to a growing population of individuals living with multimorbidity and polypharmacy making prescribing more challenging. Most prescribing occurs in primary care and General Practitioners (GPs) have expressed interest in comparative feedback on their prescribing performance. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and audit and feedback interventions have shown some impact, but changes are often short-lived. Interactive dashboards, a novel approach integrating CDSS and audit and feedback elements, offer longitudinal updated data outside clinical encounters. This systematic review aims to explore the effectiveness of interactive dashboards on prescribing-related outcomes in primary care and examine the characteristics of these dashboards. <p dir="ltr"><b>Methods:</b><b> </b>This protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023481475) and reported in line with PRISMA-P guidelines. Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and grey literature, including trial registries were performed to identify interventional studies (randomised and non-randomised) that assess the effectiveness of interactive dashboards on prescribing related outcomes. The search will be supplemented by searching references of retrieved articles with the use of an automated citation chaser. Identified records will be screened independently by two reviewers and data from eligible studies extracted using a purposely developed data extraction tool. We will narratively summarise the intervention types and those associated with improvements in prescribing outcomes. A quantitative synthesis will be carried out if a sufficient number of homogenous studies are identified. Methodological quality will be assessed by two reviewers using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care risk assessment tool. <p dir="ltr"><b>Discussion:</b><b> </b>This systematic review will explore the effect of interactive dashboards on prescribing related outcome measures in primary care and describe the characteristics of interactive dashboards. This research may inform future intervention development and shape policymaking particularly in the context of ongoing and planned developments in e-prescribing infrastructure.