Comparison of the Effects of a Sleep Hygiene Training Program and Foot Reflexology Massage with Nigella Sativa Oil on Sleep Quality and Quality of Life in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Background and purpose: Sleep quality and overall quality of life are key factors in improving the health and well-being of the elderly. Given the preference for non-pharmacological methods, this study examines the effects of sleep hygiene training and reflexology massage on sleep quality and the quality of life among the elderly. Materials and methods: This randomized controlled trial, conducted in 2023, included 127 elderly individuals in Sari. Participants were divided into three groups: two intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received either sleep hygiene training (delivered in small groups of 2–5 participants) or black seed oil massage (administered in 8 sessions over 4 weeks). The control group received no intervention. Sleep quality and quality of life were assessed at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after, and one-month post-intervention, using standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis, Tamhane post-hoc tests, and generalized estimating equation tests. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in sleep quality between the groups (P = 0.763). However, post-intervention and one month later, significant improvements in sleep quality were observed in both intervention groups (P= 0.001). Similarly, quality of life was significantly higher in both intervention groups compared to the control group (P= 0.05). No significant difference in quality of life was found between the intervention groups immediately after and one-month post-intervention (P= 0.525). Conclusion: These results indicate that non-pharmacological methods, such as sleep hygiene training and foot reflexology massage, can significantly improve both sleep quality and quality of life in the elderly. Based on the findings, both methods are recommended, with foot reflexology massage showing greater effectiveness. It should be considered as a primary approach to enhancing sleep quality and overall well-being in the elderly. (Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20221106056420N1)