Changes in union density in the Nordic countries

Over the last 25 to 30 years, union density has experienced a significant decline in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, while remaining relatively stable in Norway and completely unchanged in Iceland. In the first three countries, the weakening of Ghent systems (state-subsidised union unemployment funds) stands out as the primary factor contributing to union decline. In Sweden, this trend is further exacerbated by widening disparities between blue-collar and white-collar union density. This study analyses both the historically high union density in the Nordic region and the notable decline in certain countries, focusing on five key features of Nordic industrial relations and their evolution. Additionally, the impact of situational factors and social customs is explored. Particular emphasis is placed on newcomers to the labour market, specifically immigrants and young people. In Norway and Sweden, the substantial influx of recently arrived immigrants poses challenges for union recruitment efforts. To effectively engage with immigrants and young people, maintaining a strong union presence in the workplace is crucial.