How flexible do we need to be? Using electricity systems models to identify optimal designs for flexible carbon capture storage system for gas-fired power plants

As the share of variable renewable energy in power systems grows, enhancing the operational flexibility of combined cycle gas turbines with carbon capture and storage (CCGT-CCS) becomes increasingly valuable. This study integrates techno-economic analysis with capacity expansion modeling to quantify the value of improved CCGT-CCS flexibility-such as lower start-up costs, reduced minimum generation, faster ramping, and shorter up/down times-at both plant and system levels. Using the Texas power system as a case study, we find that increased flexibility raises CCGT-CCS generation profits and installed capacity. Under various policy scenarios, CCGT-CCS benefits most from a CO2 tax (or equivalent emissions cap), more so than from clean energy standards or capture subsidies like the federal 45Q tax credit. However, electricity system cost savings remain modest, reducing total costs by only 0.3-0.5%. Thus, flexibility improvements should be pursued only if they entail limited increases in capital and maintenance costs.