Derivation of Tissue Properties from Basis-Vector Model Weights for Dual-Energy CT-Based Monte Carlo Proton Beam Dose Calculations

We propose a novel method, basis vector model material indexing (BVM-MI), for predicting atomic composition and mass density from two independent basis vector model weights derived from dual-energy CT (DECT) for Monte Carlo (MC) dose planning. BVM-MI employs multiple linear regression on BVM weights and their quotient to predict elemental composition and mass density for 70 representative tissues. Predicted values were imported into the TOPAS MC code to simulate proton dose deposition to a uniform cylinder phantom composed of each tissue type. The performance of BVM-MI was compared to the conventional Hounsfield Unit material indexing method (HU-MI), which estimates elemental composition and density based on CT numbers (HU). Evaluation metrics included absolute errors in predicted elemental compositions and relative percent errors in calculated mass density and mean excitation energy. Dose distributions were assessed by quantifying absolute error in the depth of 80% maximum scored dose (R80) and relative percent errors in stopping power (SP) between MC simulations using HU-MI, BVM-MI, and benchmark compositions. Lateral dose profiles were analyzed at R80 and Bragg Peak (RBP) depths for three tissues showing the largest discrepancies in R80 depth. BVM-MI outperformed HU-MI in elemental composition predictions, with mean RMSEs of 1.30% (soft tissue) and 0.1% (bony tissue), compared to 4.20% and 1.9% for HU-MI. R80 depth RMSEs were 0.2 mm (soft) and 0.1 mm (bony) for BVM-MI, vs. 1.8 mm and 0.7 mm for HU-MI. Lateral dose profile analysis showed overall smaller dose errors for BVM-MI across core, halo, and proximal aura regions. In conclusion, fully utilizing the two-parameter BVM space for material indexing led to significantly improved TOPAS MC dose calculations over the conventional HU-MI method, demonstrating BVM-MI's potential to enhance proton therapy planning.