High-rate self-referenced continuous-variable quantum key distribution over high-loss free-space channel

The advent of quantum computers has significantly challenged the security of traditional cryptographic systems, prompting a surge in research on quantum key distribution (QKD). Among various QKD approaches, continuous-variable QKD (CVQKD) offers superior resilience against background noise. However, the local local oscillator (LLO) CVQKD scheme faces substantial physical limitations in scenarios with high channel attenuation, and the large attenuation CVQKD remains unrealized. Bottleneck challenges include ensuring stable low-noise transmission and accurately estimating parameters under fluctuating channel conditions. In this paper, we introduce a continuous-time mode theory for high-precision estimation of time-varying parameters and design a free-space experimental system with a main quantum system and an auxiliary counterpart. We further develop advanced digital signal post-processing techniques for compensating time-varying frequency offset and phase noise under dynamic channel. Notably, the estimation of the time-varying free-space channel is achieved through the use of the auxiliary quantum system. Through experimental validation, we first demonstrate high-rate secure quantum key distribution over high-loss free-space channels. Specifically, we achieve asymptotic key rates of 76.366 kbps and 403.896 kbps in 25 dB attenuation free-space channels without turbulence and 21.5 dB average attenuation free-space channels with turbulence, respectively. Additionally, we confirm the feasibility of experiments on mildly turbulent atmospheric channels spanning at least 10.5 km using current equipments. Our scheme provides direct insight into constructing an integrated air-ground quantum communication network.