Drivers of the adoption of fertilizer management practices in maize-based systems in Embu County, Kenya

Fertilizers play an important role in maize production and global food security. However, high prices have led to suboptimal utilization, while excessive application poses environmental risks. Also, farmers? limited knowledge about fertilizers often results in insufficient and imbalanced application. Climate variability limits the optimal use of fertilizers and increases investment risk. The principles of ?4R nutrient stewardship? promote best fertilizer management practices for enhanced economic, social, and environmental outcomes. Despite the widespread promotion of these practices, the extent of adoption among small-scale maize farmers remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study assessed the drivers of the adoption of fertilizer management practices, with particular emphasis on ?4R nutrient stewardship.? Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of 371 households. The multivariate probit model analysis revealed that on-farm experimentation, training in soil fertility, education, field visits and demonstrations, and individual land ownership positively influenced adoption. This study recommends the design and implementation of on-farm experimentation initiatives to expedite the adoption of fertilizer management practices among smallholder maize farmers.