Research Progress in the Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in Regulating Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease of the intestinal epithelium characterized by the accumulation of genetic mutations and the dysregulation of immune responses. The occurrence of colorectal cancer is the result of a combination of environmental, genetic and other factors. Among environmental factors, dietary factors are closely related to the occurrence of colorectal cancer. Dietary factors play an important role in regulating the intestinal microbiota. In addition, the composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiome are important contributors to the development of colorectal cancer. Specific intestinal microorganisms such as Fusobacterium nucleatum have been shown to be closely correlated with the occurrence of colorectal cancer. Regulating gut microbiota has emerged as a potential means of preventing and treating colorectal cancer. In order to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer, this article reviews the intervening effects of probiotics, next-generation probiotics and their metabolites on colorectal cancer, with a focus on the current status of research on the biological effects of various metabolic secretion products of probiotics, including cell-free supernatants, extracellular polysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, bacterial enzymes, bile acids and tryptophan metabolites on colorectal cancer.