Phytochemical characterization and biological properties of Ocimum sanctum L. and its active phytocomponents: Eugenol and β-caryophyllene

This study explored the pharmacognostical and biological properties of Ocimum sanctum L., focusing on its hydromethanolic (HME) and aqueous (AQE) extracts, as well as the bioactive compounds eugenol (EUG) and β-caryophyllene (BCP). Phytochemical analysis revealed a diverse range of compounds, with HME showing higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to AQE. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, while EUG and BCP displayed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking studies indicated that EUG has potential binding to catalase. The findings of this study underscore O. sanctum as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant and anticancer properties. Notably, the extraction method played a crucial role in determining the phytochemical profile. However, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of EUG and BCP, particularly as potential catalase inhibitors.