Trapped by Ties: Exploring the Limitations of Social Networks Among Immigrant Women Entrepreneurs in the United States

This dissertation explores a core tension in immigrant entrepreneurship: while social networks often facilitate business startup for immigrant women, they may also present challenges to growth and innovation. Guided by Social Capital Theory and Intersectionality Theory, this study draws on in-depth interviews with 30 women entrepreneurs in Atlanta’s restaurant industry, including African immigrant, Asian immigrant, and native-born women. It examines how bonding ties (close, community-based relationships) and bridging ties (diverse, professional connections) shape entrepreneurial experiences. Findings suggest that bonding networks provide essential early-stage support, including startup capital, labor, and emotional encouragement. However, they may also reinforce cultural expectations that make it difficult for entrepreneurs to take risks or adapt their business models. Many immigrant women participants described limited access to bridging networks, which can be important for scaling a business. In contrast, native-born participants more frequently reported access to professional networks and greater flexibility in pursuing new opportunities. Theoretically, this study contributes to ongoing conversations about the role of social networks by illustrating how their influence may vary based on social position and identity. Practically, the findings underscore the importance of entrepreneurial support systems that acknowledge both the strengths and potential constraints of social ties. Conceptually, this work offers a nuanced understanding of how social networks evolve over time, shaping opportunities and limitations across the entrepreneurial journey.