Applications and Efficacy of Nanoparticles in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background: Nanotechnology has revolutionized dental sciences by enhancing material properties, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in dentistry, focusing on antimicrobial activity, restorative materials, and diagnostic innovations. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2013–2023) identified 78 studies meeting PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted on NP efficacy (e.g., biofilm reduction, mechanical strength) and safety (cytotoxicity, biocompatibility). Results: 78 studies met inclusion criteria. AgNPs reduced biofilm by 85% (p<0.05) but caused cytotoxicity at >100 µg/mL²³. HAp NPs reduced dentinal hypersensitivity by 60–70%³³, while AuNPs improved oral cancer detection sensitivity to 92%³⁴. Key risks included tooth discoloration (AgNPs) and high costs (AuNPs). Conclusions: NPs enhance dental care but require standardized safety protocols and cost-effective scaling. Keywords: Nanoparticles and dentistry, Antimicrobial dental materials, Nanodiagnostics oral cancer, Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles toxicity