A Review of the Toxicity and Effects of Mancozeb, an Ethylene Bis (dithiocarbamate) Fungicide, on Fish Species

Mancozeb is widely utilized in Nigeria and globally. It is used to control and eradicate various fungal diseaseson agricultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Mancozeb is moderately to highly toxic to fishand non-target organisms. The objective of this literature review is to document the toxicity and effects ofMancozeb, an Ethylene Bis(dithiocarbamate) Fungicide, on Fish Species. Fifteen laboratory studies and twomodeling studies were reviewed from literature in which fifteen different Fish Species were investigated. Acuteconcentration of Mancozeb results in mortality (96 h LC50) while sub-lethal concentration induces multiplelethal changes such as behavioral alteration, haematological (RBCs, WBCs, or plasma), histopathological(kidney, liver, gills, spleen), oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismu-tase, etc.), genotoxicity, and biochemical parameters (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, moisture content, andash, etc.). Mancozeb is hydrophobic in nature, but its metabolite ethylenethiourea has the abundant capacityto contaminate groundwater. Continuous misuse of fungicides can enter the aquatic ecosystem and result inharmful effects. Therefore, the use of bio-pesticides should be implemented and encouraged among farmers,especially those residing close to water bodies, to reduce the detrimental effects of fungicides on aquatic faunaand flora. Researchers worldwide should investigate the harmful effects of Mancozeb on several Fish Speciesand their environment.