The Diplomatic History of Border Disputes in West Africa: Lessons from the Nigeria-Bakassi Peninsula Conflict

The persistent challenge of border disputes in West Africa, exemplified by the Bakassi Peninsula conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon, underscores the critical need for effective diplomatic mechanisms rooted in historical understanding. This study investigated the diplomatic history of border disputes in West Africa, focusing on the Bakassi conflict as a case study to draw vital lessons for conflict resolution and regional integration. The central problem addressed is the inadequacy of existing diplomatic frameworks in preventing border-related tensions and ensuring the protection of affected communities despite international rulings. The objectives of the study include exploring the historical causes of the Bakassi dispute and its historical causes, examining the diplomatic strategies employed in its resolution, and identifying best practices applicable to future disputes. Research questions were formulated guide inquiry into these themes. The significance of the study lies in its contribution to conflict resolution scholarship, international diplomacy, and regional peacebuilding. The scope covered the historical timeline of the Bakassi dispute, its diplomatic resolution through the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the post-agreement implications for affected populations. The study adopted the realist theory of international relations, grounded in classical and neo-realist traditions, and offered critical insights into the motivations, interests, and power dynamics that underlie state behaviour in territorial disputes. The research employed interviews, documentary reviews, and thematic content analysis using qualitative methodology. Findings revealed that although international adjudication helped resolve the Bakassi dispute, local grievances remained largely unaddressed. The study concluded by recommending the strengthening of regional diplomatic institutions, prioritising community-based peace implementation, and enhancing legal capacity in international diplomacy across West African states. These policy recommendations offered pathways toward more sustainable conflict resolution.