Women Entrepreneurship and Livelihood Sustainability: Evidence from Small and Medium Enterprises in FCT Abuja, Nigeria

This study investigates the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the livelihood sustainability of women entrepreneurs in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Against the backdrop of increasing recognition of women’s entrepreneurship as a tool for poverty alleviation, the study employs a mixed-methods research design—integrating quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions—to provide a holistic understanding of the economic, social, and institutional factors influencing women-led businesses. A total of 120 women entrepreneurs were sampled from key sectors, including agro-processing, retail, fashion, catering, and beauty services. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to analyse the relationships between business variables and livelihood outcomes, including income, savings, and household expenditure. Findings reveal that access to credit, educational attainment, and years of business experience significantly enhance livelihood indicators, while family size and marital status exert downward pressure on financial outcomes. Women with access to formal or informal credit earned 42% more and saved 31% more than those without. The study also reveals persistent barriers, including limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, and entrenched gender norms. In line with global development frameworks, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and national efforts to enhance women's economic inclusion, the study recommends targeted interventions, particularly in financial literacy, access to microcredit, and the formulation of gender-responsive policies. The research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the strategic role of women’s entrepreneurship in sustainable development and social transformation in Nigeria.