A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

Corrections coming soonThis study is my approach to the Riemann Hypothesis, involving the analysis of the convergence of the zeros of the partial sum $\eta_n$ of the Dirichlet Eta function $\eta$. Before starting I define $s_n=a_n+ib_n$, a zero to the $n$-th order of truncation of $\eta$, $\eta_n$. I start by breaking down the equality $\eta(s)=0$ (which is implied by the nullity of the continued $\zeta(s)$) by expressing $|\eta(s)|^2=0$ as $\Re(\eta(s))^2 + \Im(\eta(s))^2 = 0$, expressed with cosine and sine functions, then I use trigonometric identities to further break down the sum into a sum of squares purely relying on $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and a double sum relying on both $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and $b_n=\Im(s_n)$ where $s_n$ is a zero of the truncated $\eta_n(s_n)$: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+j-2}\cos(b_n\ln(k/j))}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ The emergence of the sum of squares $\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}$ is what shows us we're on the right path, for we can compare it with $\frac{n^{1-2a_n}-1}{1-2a_n}$, and since we want to prove $\Re(s_n)=a_n\xrightarrow[n \to +\infty]{}\frac{1}{2}$, that's a very good sign to see $1-2a_n$ appear. Using the bounded nature of the cosine function, I reformulate the equality as a problem of quadratic equations, to get rid of the dependence on $\Im(s_n)$ as well as the oscillations it induces: $\forall x \in \mathbb{R}, -1 \le \cos(x) \le 1$ so for all $n$ sufficiently large, $ \space \exists r_n \in \mathbb{N} \space | \space -1 \le r_n \le 1$ so that: $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{1}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} x_k^2 + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} x_kx_j \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0, \space with \space x_1,\ldots,x_n \in \mathbb{R} \space and \space x_1=1,$$ The fact that all the $x_k$ are real requires all the corresponding $\Delta_k$ to be positive as well, this coupled with the constraint $r_n=-\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}}{\left[\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}}\right)^2-\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}\right]}$ then require: $$\Rightarrow r_n=-\frac{1}{n+\alpha} \space with \space \alpha \in [-3,-1]$$ Then we shall substitute the $x_k$ to come back to our problem: $$\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, \space x_k=\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$$ It has already been proved that for all the nontrivial zeros, their real part is in $]0,1[$, therefore, using the $a_n \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} a_{+\infty} \in ]0,1[$ condition and asymptotic equivalences, we end up with: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} - \frac{1}{n}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}} \right)^2 \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ I then use integrals and asymptotic analysis to observe three cases of asymptotic behaviours: when $a_n$ converges to a real number in $]0,\frac{1}{2}[$ when $a_n$ converges to a real number in$ ]\frac{1}{2},1[$ when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$ Then I conclude that the only logically consistent case is when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$. Actually, I find that the "real part"'s asymptotic equivalent has to be, as $n \to \infty$: $$\frac{1}{2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right) + ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right)\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$$ and that it is therefore in fact the imaginary part that has a slower (so more prominent) rate of convergence $ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2}\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$. And this imaginary rate of convergence in that pseudo-real-part vanishes as $n \to \infty$, yielding $\frac{1}{2}$ EDIT: - In the last months I've had some strange doubts about the constraints on $r_n$ in the system of quadratic equations, about and the realness of the $\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$ as $n \to \infty$; but everything was actually fine (at least that's what I hope), the constraint on $r_n$ held because the $x_k$ were meant to be real, and each individual $\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$ became real as $n \to \infty$. - More recently, I had big doubts about the constraints on $r_n$, but this time because of careless mistakes in my drafts when I took into account any value for the squared modulo instead of 0 only. The reasons why I have so many doubts and "dumb" questionings is because I want to rigorously stress test my statements. NOTES: I'll keep making changes to add additional observations or correct some statements. Soon enough, I shall make brief explanations on why the necessary conditions depending on $n$ on the zeros of the partial $\eta_n$, are valid for the zeros of the full $\eta$ as $n \to \infty$ (continuity on the critical band and uniform convergence of $\eta_n$ to $\eta$ on any subset containing the real part $[\sigma_1,\sigma_2]$ so that $0 \lt \sigma_1 \le \Re(s) \le \sigma_2 \lt 1$). Feedback would be appreciated at: [email protected]

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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2025-07-23
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16371706
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Analytic Number Theory Research
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article
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article

A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
article

A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

article en

Abstract

Corrections coming soonThis study is my approach to the Riemann Hypothesis, involving the analysis of the convergence of the zeros of the partial sum $\eta_n$ of the Dirichlet Eta function $\eta$. Before starting I define $s_n=a_n+ib_n$, a zero to the $n$-th order of truncation of $\eta$, $\eta_n$. I start by breaking down the equality $\eta(s)=0$ (which is implied by the nullity of the continued $\zeta(s)$) by expressing $|\eta(s)|^2=0$ as $\Re(\eta(s))^2 + \Im(\eta(s))^2 = 0$, expressed with cosine and sine functions, then I use trigonometric identities to further break down the sum into a sum of squares purely relying on $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and a double sum relying on both $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and $b_n=\Im(s_n)$ where $s_n$ is a zero of the truncated $\eta_n(s_n)$: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+j-2}\cos(b_n\ln(k/j))}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ The emergence of the sum of squares $\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}$ is what shows us we're on the right path, for we can compare it with $\frac{n^{1-2a_n}-1}{1-2a_n}$, and since we want to prove $\Re(s_n)=a_n\xrightarrow[n \to +\infty]{}\frac{1}{2}$, that's a very good sign to see $1-2a_n$ appear. Using the bounded nature of the cosine function, I reformulate the equality as a problem of quadratic equations, to get rid of the dependence on $\Im(s_n)$ as well as the oscillations it induces: $\forall x \in \mathbb{R}, -1 \le \cos(x) \le 1$ so for all $n$ sufficiently large, $ \space \exists r_n \in \mathbb{N} \space | \space -1 \le r_n \le 1$ so that: $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{1}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} x_k^2 + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} x_kx_j \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0, \space with \space x_1,\ldots,x_n \in \mathbb{R} \space and \space x_1=1,$$ The fact that all the $x_k$ are real requires all the corresponding $\Delta_k$ to be positive as well, this coupled with the constraint $r_n=-\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}}{\left[\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}}\right)^2-\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}\right]}$ then require: $$\Rightarrow r_n=-\frac{1}{n+\alpha} \space with \space \alpha \in [-3,-1]$$ Then we shall substitute the $x_k$ to come back to our problem: $$\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, \space x_k=\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$$ It has already been proved that for all the nontrivial zeros, their real part is in $]0,1[$, therefore, using the $a_n \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} a_{+\infty} \in ]0,1[$ condition and asymptotic equivalences, we end up with: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} - \frac{1}{n}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}} \right)^2 \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ I then use integrals and asymptotic analysis to observe three cases of asymptotic behaviours: when $a_n$ converges to a real number in $]0,\frac{1}{2}[$ when $a_n$ converges to a real number in$ ]\frac{1}{2},1[$ when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$ Then I conclude that the only logically consistent case is when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$. Actually, I find that the "real part"'s asymptotic equivalent has to be, as $n \to \infty$: $$\frac{1}{2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right) + ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right)\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$$ and that it is therefore in fact the imaginary part that has a slower (so more prominent) rate of convergence $ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2}\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$. And this imaginary rate of convergence in that pseudo-real-part vanishes as $n \to \infty$, yielding $\frac{1}{2}$ EDIT: - In the last months I've had some strange doubts about the constraints on $r_n$ in the system of quadratic equations, about and the realness of the $\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$ as $n \to \infty$; but everything was actually fine (at least that's what I hope), the constraint on $r_n$ held because the $x_k$ were meant to be real, and each individual $\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$ became real as $n \to \infty$. - More recently, I had big doubts about the constraints on $r_n$, but this time because of careless mistakes in my drafts when I took into account any value for the squared modulo instead of 0 only. The reasons why I have so many doubts and "dumb" questionings is because I want to rigorously stress test my statements. NOTES: I'll keep making changes to add additional observations or correct some statements. Soon enough, I shall make brief explanations on why the necessary conditions depending on $n$ on the zeros of the partial $\eta_n$, are valid for the zeros of the full $\eta$ as $n \to \infty$ (continuity on the critical band and uniform convergence of $\eta_n$ to $\eta$ on any subset containing the real part $[\sigma_1,\sigma_2]$ so that $0 \lt \sigma_1 \le \Re(s) \le \sigma_2 \lt 1$). Feedback would be appreciated at: [email protected]

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 39%
Analytic Number Theory Research
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