Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bixa Orellana Seed Extract: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Evaluation

This study presents a novel green synthesis approach for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous seed extract of Bixa orellana. The phytochemical-rich extract, containing flavonoids and carotenoids, effectively reduced silver ions and stabilized the resulting nanoparticles under ambient conditions. Formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy through a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.6°, and 77.5°, corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystalline planes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified functional groups responsible for reduction, capping, and stabilization. Morphological characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed nanoscale dimensions, supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiproliferative properties, suggesting potential applications in biomedical fields. This environmentally friendly approach presents a sustainable alternative to conventional synthesis methods, utilizing the natural reducing and stabilizing capabilities of Bixa orellana seed extract.