Supercapacitor in Elctric Vehicle: A 360- Degree Review on Material, Applicactions, and Future Trends

Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, have emerged as a promising energy storage solution for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high power density, rapid charge-discharge capabilities, and long cycle life. Unlike conventional batteries, which store energy through chemical reactions, supercapacitors store energy electrostatically, enabling efficient energy capture and delivery during high-power demand scenarios such as acceleration, regenerative braking, and quick charging. This makes them an excellent complement to lithium-ion batteries in hybrid and fully electric vehicle systems, enhancing overall performance, efficiency, and battery lifespan by reducing peak load stresses. Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology, including the development of novel electrode materials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides), improved electrolytes, and hybrid architectures, have significantly increased their energy density while maintaining their inherent advantages. However, challenges such as lower energy density compared to batteries, high costs, and system integration complexities remain key barriers to widespread adoption. This paper explores the role of supercapacitors in modern electric vehicles, analyzing their benefits, limitations, and potential synergies with battery systems. Additionally, it reviews recent research trends, material innovations, and future prospects for supercapacitor technology in the automotive industry, highlighting their potential to revolutionize energy storage solutions for sustainable transportation.