An Impedance Stable Bioinspired Tulip Shaped Ultra-Wideband Horn Antenna for Water Characteristic Analysis Using Microwave Technique

In this study, a novel antenna design is presented and characterized to investigate its suitability in water pollution detection applications. The antenna exhibits excellent performance in meeting the stringent requirements of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) communications. The proposed antenna's return loss conforms to the FCC UWB specifications. At a resonant frequency of 6.34 GHz, the minimum return loss value is -27.236 dB. The proposed antenna's Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) characteristics are illustrated with the minimum VSWR value displayed in linear scale. Furthermore, the real and imaginary parts of the antenna impedance are provided to reveal their stability within the UWB frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Notably, the antenna resistance remains constant, while the antenna reactance approaches zero. These impedance characteristics make the antenna a promising candidate for achieving a perfect match condition when used as a sensor for water pollution detection. The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are detailed at the UWB center frequency of 6.85 GHz. These patterns display a primary radiation direction at 20 degrees, a main lobe magnitude of 8 dBi, and a side lobe level of -3.9 dB. These features make the antenna well-suited for water pollution detection applications where precise, UWB signal transmission and reception are crucial. Thus, this proposed antenna design offers promising prospects for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of water pollution detection systems.