A Novel Theory of Ecological Justice in Natural Resource Governance: Balancing the Triadic Rights of Generations

Abstract: In an era marked by escalating environmental crises and growing inequalities, rethinking justice beyond its traditional social and economic dimensions has become imperative. The emerging theory of ecological justice, emphasizing a triadic balance among the rights of generations, offers a scientific, philosophical, and policy-oriented response to this global necessity. First introduced by Engineer Shahpour Ebrahimi, this theory seeks to establish an equitable balance among the rights of past, present, and future generations in the utilization and protection of natural resources.Within this framework, past generations are viewed as creators of ecological heritage, the present generation as direct managers and beneficiaries, and future generations as potential rightful owners of these resources. The theory endeavors to create a sustainable and obligatory equilibrium among these three facets, not merely through ethical or idealistic approaches but via binding legal systems, precise policymaking, and efficient institutional structures.Drawing upon classical philosophical texts such as Rawls' theory of justice (1971), Kantian deontological ethics (1785), and ecological insights from Leopold (1949), as well as international environmental law principles like the precautionary principle (Rio Declaration, 1992), this theory outlines both theoretical and practical frameworks for natural resource governance. Critiques of existing theories—environmental justice, intergenerational justice, and sustainable development—highlight their shortcomings in simultaneously addressing all generations, neglecting non-human entities, and lacking enforceable legal guarantees.Key elements of this ecological justice theory include the sufficiency principle, intergenerational solidarity, and the concept of planetary boundaries (Rockström et al., 2009). By critiquing unsuccessful projects such as non-localized development and excessive water transfer policies, the proposed model offers an alternative framework adaptable to developing countries like Iran. Employing a critical-comparative analysis and examining environmental policies across various regions, this article aims to present ecological justice as a scientific and practical theory in natural resource policymaking applicable to both national and international contexts. This theory transcends ethical discourse, serving as a model for legislation, policymaking, budgeting, project evaluation, and formal environmental education.