Biochemical Composition of Gall Stones among the Indian Population

Introduction: Gallstones, a common biliary disorder in India, are classified as cholesterol, pigment, or mixed types, influenced by genetics, diet, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study aims to analyze the biochemical composition of gallstones in the Indian population, focusing on regional and demographic variations to guide prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: This prospective study, conducted at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, analyzed gallstones from cholecystectomy patients (aged >18 years) between August 2022 and May 2024. Gallstones were biochemically classified as cholesterol, pigment, or mixed. Patient data, clinical features, and findings were statistically analyzed using SPSS, with significance set at P < 0.005. Results: Among 50 participants, 30% were male, with the majority (32%) aged 41–50 years. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom. USG revealed multiple stones in 39%. Mixed stones were predominant (74%), followed by pigment (16%) and cholesterol stones (10%). Grade 1 cholecystitis was most frequent (78%), followed by grade 2 (20%). Conclusion: This study underscores the high prevalence of mixed gallstones and grade 1 cholecystitis in the Indian population, highlighting the importance of early detection and management. Regional dietary and metabolic factors significantly influence gallstone composition, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies. Limitations include the small sample size and single-center design.