19. Environmental Sustainability and Moral Economy

Environmental degradation, climate instability, and resource exploitation have raised urgent questions about the ethical foundations of modern development. This paper examines the intersection of environmental sustainability and the moral economy—a value-driven system in which economic relationships are guided by principles of justice, reciprocity, and ecological responsibility. Drawing insights from classical texts such as Thirukkural and indigenous environmental ethics, the study highlights how moral traditions can reshape contemporary sustainability frameworks. Through case studies and global policy analysis, the paper advocates for a paradigm shift—from profit-driven consumption to values-led ecological stewardship. It argues that a moral economy rooted in sustainability offers a holistic response to today’s socio-environmental crises and aligns with several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 16 (Peace and Justice).