Review on traditional and modern medicinal uses of Adenium obesum

Abstract Adenium obesum, commonly known as the "desert rose," is a succulent plant from the Apocynaceae family, native to arid regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Characterized by its striking appearance, with vibrant flowers and a swollen caudex, it is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the plant has a rich history in traditional medicine, with various parts used to treat ailments such as venereal diseases, skin disorders, headaches, and joint pain. This plant is known to contain bioactive compounds, including cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Recent scientific research has validated many of these traditional uses, demonstrating the plant’s therapeutic potential in modern medicine. Studies highlight its cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, significant antioxidant activity, and effectiveness in combating various pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. Additionally, the plant’s ability to act as an abortifacient, though historically utilized in some cultures, requires caution due to its toxicity, which is attributed to compounds in its milky sap. This review synthesizes the available literature on the medicinal properties of Adenium obesum, exploring both traditional uses and contemporary scientific findings. It emphasizes the plant’s therapeutic potential and encourages further investigation into its bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action, which could lead to novel natural remedies or complementary therapies in modern healthcare.