Dynamics of Nanofluid Droplets on Solid Surfaces: Impact, Spreading, and Surface Interactions

The dynamics of nanofluid droplets impacting and spreading on solid surfaces is a complex and multifaceted area of research with significant implications for applications in thermal management, microfluidics, inkjet printing, and lubrication systems. Nanofluids, consisting of nanoparticles dispersed in base fluids, exhibit unique properties that enhance thermal conductivity, heat transfer, and rheological characteristics compared to conventional liquids. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the dynamics of nanofluid droplets upon impact with solid surfaces, examining the mechanisms that govern spreading, evaporation, and surface interactions. We explore the physical and chemical properties of nanofluids, such as nanoparticle concentration, particle size, and the base fluid's characteristics, and their effects on the behavior of droplets on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces