Guillain-Barré syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy that primarily affects theperipheral nervous system, leading to rapidly progressing muscle weakness and, in severe cases,respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction. The exact etiology is not fully understood, but GBS isstrongly associated with preceding infections, particularly Campylobacter jejuni, Cytomegalovirus, andEpstein-Barr virus. Molecular mimicry is believed to play a significant role in the immune-mediatedattack on peripheral nerves. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, andelectrophysiological studies. The management of GBS involves supportive care, immunotherapy withintravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange, and rehabilitation. Although most patientsrecover, some experience long-term neurological deficits. This review provides a comprehensiveoverview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches,complications, and treatment strategies for GBS.