Nanogel In Modern Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Properties, Applications, And Evaluation Techniques

Nanogel are nanoscale, crosslinked polymeric structures with the ability to absorb water and swell without disintegration. Their unique features, such as small particle size, high water content, and responsiveness to environmental stimuli like pH and temperature make them highly suitable for biomedical use, particularly in targeted and sustained drug delivery. This review explores their diverse synthesis methods, structural variations, and classifications based on responsive behavior and polymer types. Nanogels have found applications in several medical fields, including transdermal systems, oncology, vaccine formulation, insulin regulation, and treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Their advantages include enhanced bioavailability, reduced side effects, and improved therapeutic performance. Despite these benefits, certain limitations such as high production costs and safety concerns remain. Additionally, this review discusses fabrication techniques like emulsion solvent diffusion and nanoprecipitation, and elaborates evaluation criteria such as pH measurement, particle size analysis, drug content determination, and Spreadability. Overall, nanogels represent an evolving and promising tool in advanced drug delivery systems.