A Comparative Study of Genetic vs. Environmental Factors in Obesity: A Literature-Based Study

Abstract Obesity is a multifactorial health condition influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. This literature-based study aims to compare the relative impact of genetic versus environmental determinants in the development and prevalence of obesity. While genetic components such as variations in the FTO and MC4R genes significantly contribute to individual susceptibility, the global surge in obesity over recent decades corresponds more closely with environmental changes, including dietary patterns, physical inactivity, urbanization, and socioeconomic disparities. The study highlights the importance of gene–environment interactions, where genetic risk is often exacerbated by unfavorable lifestyle conditions. Public health strategies that focus on environmental modifications hold the greatest potential for preventing and managing obesity, especially when integrated with personalized approaches based on genetic insights. This comparative analysis underscores the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy to address the global obesity epidemic. Keywords Obesity; Genetic Factors; Environmental Factors; Gene–Environment Interaction; Lifestyle; Socioeconomic Status; FTO Gene; Public Health; Nutritional Transition; Sedentary Behavior