Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Enhancing Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Intracellular Pathogens

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are naturally occurring or synthetic peptide sequences that possess the inherent capability to penetrate various cell types and concurrently carry hydrophilic substances and nanomaterials, for which cellular absorption is typically restricted. Alongside this fundamental action of cell entry without damaging the membrane, certain CPPs exhibit multivalent antimicrobial properties. The method they utilize to penetrate cells continues to be an unresolved aspect of the mystery. Direct translocation and endocytosis have been proposed as the primary mechanisms for internalization;