DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF LEGISLATION AND PUNISHMENT IN THE KHANATES OF CENTRAL ASIA (XVI-XIX CENTURIES)

This article examines the development of legal and penal systems in the Central Asian khanates from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis, it explores the foundations of law, the structure of punishment systems, and the methods of reward in the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates. The study highlights the interplay between Sharia law, customary practices, and khan's decrees in shaping the legal landscape. It also investigates the gradual changes in these systems over time, influenced by internal dynamics and external pressures, particularly from the Russian Empire. The findings reveal a complex legal framework that reflected the social, cultural, and political realities of Central Asia during this period.