Therapeutic Insights into the Antidiabetic Activity of Selected Annona Species: A Comprehensive Review

Several tropical fruit-bearing plants with a long history of medical use belong to the Annona genus. Biologically active substances including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and acetogenins, which are abundant in these plants, have drawn interest in recent studies due to their potential as treatments, especially for the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Annona squamosa (sweetsop), Annona muricata (soursop), Annona reticulata (custard apple), and Annona cherimola (cherimoya) are the four Annona species whose antidiabetic qualities are the focus of this review. These species' bioactive compounds have a variety of pharmacological effects, including as insulin-like activity, hypoglycemic effects, inhibition of enzymes that hydrolyse carbohydrates, modulation of lipid metabolism, and stimulation of glucose absorption. According to data from both in vitro and in vivo research, these plants may help improve insulin sensitivity, lower blood glucose levels, and lessen the consequences of diabetes. Their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties provide further advantages by shielding pancreatic β-cells and preventing oxidative stress, which is a major factor in the development of diabetes. Furthermore, changes in lipid profiles show how effective they are at treating dyslipidaemia associated with diabetes. In conclusion, the varied phytochemical components of the investigated Annona species indicate great promise as natural antidiabetic medicines. Preclinical evidence is encouraging, but before they can be suggested for routine clinical usage, thorough clinical studies are needed to determine their therapeutic effectiveness and safety in human patients.