The Dual Edges of Gaming: A Comprehensive Review of Internet Gaming Disorder, Happiness, Self Compassion, and Empathy

Abstract Internet gaming has emerged as a worldwide phenomenon, with more than 3.09 billion individuals engaging in gaming activities, accounting for almost 40% of the global population (Newzoo, 2023). Gaming presents a variety of advantages, including stress relief, social interaction, and enhancement of cognitive skills. However, when gaming becomes excessive, it can result in internet gaming disorder (IGD), a condition acknowledged by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD11) (WHO, 2018). IGD is defined by a lack of control regarding gaming, the tendency to prioritise gaming over other pursuits, and the persistence in gaming despite experiencing adverse effects. This review examines the psychological dynamics of IGD, emphasising its connection with happiness, self-compassion, and empathy. This paper seeks to thoroughly analyse these variables to illuminate the dual aspects of gaming—its capacity to promote wellbeing alongside its potential risks to mental health. The review emphasises the significance of moderation, self- compassion, and collaborative gaming experiences in alleviating the adverse impacts of IGD and enhancing overall wellbeing.