Sociocultural Factors and Child Health Outcomes: A Sanitation Perspective in Gulu District, Uganda

Sanitation and nutrition are crucial for child survival and development (Sclar et al., 2022). While the threats of poor sanitation to child health are documented, the sociocultural influences on sanitation practices are less understood. These influences shape attitudes towards waste management and can significantly affect child health outcomes (Obi et al., 2017). This study investigates key sociocultural factors impacting sanitation practices and their effects on child health in Gulu district, Uganda. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a cross-sectional, convergent, mixed-methods design. A structured questionnaire was given to 317 caregivers of children under five, supplemented by focus group discussions and interviews with community members and health practitioners. Data were analyzed using SPSS, Jamovi, and QDA Miner Lite software. Results indicated that 38.5% of children were malnourished (as measured by MUAC), 28.7% were stunted, 16.4% were underweight, and 55.8% had an unbalanced diet. Diarrhea was reported in 62.7% of households, with 20.5% lacking sanitation facilities and 62.2% disposing of diapers improperly. Cultural beliefs and practices significantly impacted sanitation, exacerbating diarrhea and malnutrition. In conclusion, sociocultural factors are vital in shaping sanitation practices and child health outcomes in Gulu District. Addressing these factors through culturally sensitive interventions is essential. Recommendations include integrating cultural beliefs into sanitation initiatives, promoting community-led sanitation efforts, empowering women in decision-making, and enhancing sanitation education among caregivers.