Recent Advancements in Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using Nanotechnology

<p><span>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Due to the deficiency in estrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptor expression, these TNBC cells are unmanageable in nature. Till now the specific treatment for this TNBC cancer is not present which leads to the death of the patient. So to overcome this at present scientists are trying to use gene therapy to treat TNBC. RNA-based therapeutic strategies are used in the treatment of TNBC via gene therapy. Currently, two methods are under investigation- (i) RNA interference (RNAi), in this method, RNAi uses gene silencing mechanism, and (ii) RNA nano therapy where chemotherapeutics is inserted into the host body or target cell by using<span>  </span>RNA-derived nanoparticles. Additionally small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) are used as vectors to perform RNA-based gene therapy in the treatment of TNBC. Both of these methods are very complex processes. Different types of nanoparticles such as polymer-based, lipid-based, nanoparticles, beside this the amorphous drug–polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complexes are also been used for RNA-based therapeutics of gene therapy. Besides this, there is CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutics in the treatment of TNBC is also under investigation. In this method, CRISPR-based gene therapy DNA binding domain-dependent orthodox techniques, specifically, zinc finger nuclease (ZFNs) and transcriptional activator-like effector nuclease (TALENs) have gained exceptional importance in genetically engineered breast tissue organoids, cellular carcinoma models, and gene therapy investigations. In the delivery of CRISPR/Cas 9, several organic and inorganic nanoparticles, lipid and protein-based nanoparticles are used to deliver dynamic DNA, RNA, and mRNA.</span></p>