The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission: Implications for Space-Based Hydrographic Mapping

The Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor Mission is principally designed for planetary defense by detecting asteroids and comets in solar orbit. However, its mid-infrared sensor technologies and Earth-pointing capabilities present novel possibilities for marine applications—specifically, space-based hydrographic mapping. This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings and pilot applications of using the NEO Surveyor’s thermal bands in shallow water depth detection, coastal change monitoring, and satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB). We simulate NEO-derived data for integration with Sentinel-2 and SAR sources in various water clarity conditions and assess its potential to complement existing remote sensing platforms. Our findings suggest that while mid-infrared (IR) sensors face significant challenges in penetrating the water column, their integration with multispectral and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery enhances bathymetric precision, particularly under low-light or cloud-covered conditions. Pilot scenarios in the Caribbean and Arctic regions demonstrate the feasibility of using IR signals to monitor reef topography and ice-bound coastlines. Additionally, the mission's frequent revisit cycles and high-resolution thermal imaging support dynamic assessments of sediment movement, storm impacts, and shoreline evolution. This interdisciplinary investigation links aerospace remote sensing with marine geospatial sciences, highlighting a promising path for adapting space observation missions for Earth hydrography. We conclude with policy and technical recommendations to guide future integration efforts, including the development of IR-specific bathymetric algorithms and collaborative Earth-focused extensions of planetary survey technologies.