Canine Mammary Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment: Current and Emerging Advances

The most frequent malignant tumor in female dogs, mammary tumors make for around half of all neoplasms (Dileep Kumar et al., 2014). Canine mammary tumor (CMT) is a tumor outgrowth that occurs inside or outside of the mammary glands, mostly in the female dogs (Zheng et al., 2017). CMT can be benign or malignant. Many studies show that almost 50% of the CMT could be malignant tumors that can be fatal because of their invasiveness and metastasis property which can disseminate to other parts of the body (Valdivia et al., 2021 ; Nosalova et al., 2024). CMT is a chronic inflammatory disease where cell division becomes aberrant that leads to tumor outgrowth. Metastasis, cell invasiveness and chemotherapeutic resistances are the cardinal features responsible for making this disease difficult to treat (de Souza et al., 2009). Lack of specific treatment regimen against the CMT is also a great issue in their treatments. Making a good companion of a human, dogs can be exposed to all the nutritional and environmental factors which a human faces which makes spontaneous cancer in dogs could be the best model to study human cancer (Khanna et al., 2006). Understanding and knowledge generated in the CMT can be used to understand human cancer as well as to identify the suitable treatment regimen. In our present article we discuss the etiology, epidemiology prevention and treatments as well as recent advances in research and diagnosis aspects of the CMT (Kwon et al., 2023)