CHALLENGES AND COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BCG VACCINATION: AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone in the global strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly in regions with high TB prevalence. Despite its widespread use, several challenges and complications associated with BCG vaccination have emerged, affecting its efficacy and safety. These include variations in vaccine strain, differences in immunogenic response, and adverse reactions ranging from mild local reactions to more severe, albeit rare, systemic complications. The effectiveness of BCG in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis and its potential role in protecting against other diseases such as bladder cancer and leprosy have sparked ongoing debate. This review explores the key issues surrounding BCG vaccination, including its historical background, current challenges in its application, and the management of associated complications. Special attention is given to the risks and benefits of the vaccine in immunocompromised populations, as well as the global implications for TB control efforts.