Risk Factors Associated with Endometriosis among Women of Reproductive Age Attending Gynaecology Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Southeast Nigeria

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, often associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its significant health burden, limited research has explored its risk factors in Nigerian women. This study investigates the risk factors associated with endometriosis among women of reproductive age attending a tertiary hospital in Southeast Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the gynecology clinic of a tertiary hospital in Southeast Nigeria. Women aged 15–49 years presenting with fertility challenges were recruited using systematic random sampling. Data collection involved a pretested structured questionnaire and a review of clinical records. Endometriosis diagnosis was confirmed through laparoscopic, histological, or clinical criteria. Statistical analysis using SPSS software (version 26.0) included descriptive and inferential statistics, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 421 participants, 24.47% were diagnosed with endometriosis. Significant risk factors included age (p=0.017), education level (p=0.001), history of reproductive surgery (p<0.001), early menarche (p=0.023), and prolonged infertility (p=0.004). Lifestyle factors such as smoking and frequent exposure to environmental toxins were more common among participants with endometriosis. Women with a high intake of processed foods had a higher prevalence compared to those with a balanced diet. Conclusion: Endometriosis is a prevalent condition among women with fertility challenges in Southeast Nigeria. Key risk factors include age, education level, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. Public health initiatives should focus on early detection, awareness campaigns, and addressing modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of endometriosis.