ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND TREATMENT PRINCIPLES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-standing, complicated, and non-transmissible endocrine ailment that is growing rapidly and has posed clinical challenges globally, often linked with threats related to complicated metabolic development in patients. It is marked by elevated glucose and lipids in the blood as well as oxidative stress, which culminate in chronic complications involving diverse organs, mainly the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels, among others, in the body. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying causes and management strategies of diabetes mellitus. It explores both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including autoimmune processes, insulin resistance, obesity, and lifestyle influences. The article also outlines current treatment principles, emphasizing individualized care that integrates lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and patient education. Special attention is given to the role of emerging therapies and the importance of glycemic control in preventing complications. This article is valuable for healthcare professionals and students seeking a foundational understanding of diabetes etiology and evidence-based management.