Mechanisms and methods for synergistic improvement of sustainable farming in post-globalisation

Globalisation revolutionised global food availability by overcoming seasonal and geographical barriers, yet it imposed significant social and environmental costs. With the transition from globalisation to localisation and national priorities, a rethinking of future food production systems is vital. Farming provides food while significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, both directly through cultivation practices and land-use changes, and indirectly via energy consumption for activities like transportation and services. The traditional research approaches focus on single aspects that are insufficient for addressing the complex challenges of sustainable agriculture. Integrative strategies are urgently needed to synergistically enhance crop yield, quality, resource efficiency, workers safety and environmental quality. These advancements could also help integrate agriculture with biorefineries, thereby diminishing dependency on fossil fuels. This study identifies three key focus areas: The Use of Smart Biofertilisers: these are underutilised biomasses such as noxious algae (e.g., Sargassum) and arid plants can reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate environmental damage caused by invasive biomass. Enhancing the Nutrients Cycle: these are strategies for sustainable modification and rapid decomposition of straw to recycle its nutrients. Biofertilisers can improve microbial root environments, enabling cleaner, energy-efficient biodegradation of straw while boosting crop yield, quality, and efficiency. Computer Systems for SMART Farming: Advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and machine learning, can facilitate Self-Monitoring, Mechanised, Analysis, and Real-Time (SMART) decision-making systems. These systems enable precise environmental assessments to optimise farming practices for carbon neutrality and climate risk mitigation. The harmonised integration of biofertilisers, nutrient reuse, and SMART farming technologies offers a transformative pathway to sustainable agriculture. Such synergistic approaches promise substantial improvements in yield, efficiency, and climate resilience, supporting a sustainable post-globalisation era.