CURRENT APPROACHES IN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER: A REVIEW

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is increasingly stratified by molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) features that state the prognosis and guide the personalized therapy. Histopathologically, IHC surrogates for TCGA‑defined subtypes (POLE-mutated, MMR- deficient, p53‑abnormal and NSMP) stratify the risk in EC. Additional markers (ER, PR, and Ki‑67) further tailor management. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) correlates with the myometrial invasion and metastasis. Hypoxia, via HIF‑1-α overexpression, promotes angiogenesis and stem‑like phenotypes in EC, detectable by IHC and linked to poor outcome. ARID-1A loss identifies a subset with distinct biological behaviour and potential sensitivity to epigenetic therapies. Integrating these markers into routine pathology practice will improve the precise personalized medicine.