INSULIN AND ITS ROLE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus, a global health crisis characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, affects over 500 million individuals, driving significant morbidity and mortality. Insulin, a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells, is pivotal in regulating glucose homeostasis and managing diabetes. This article provides an exhaustive exploration of insulin’s biochemical structure, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic applications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It examines insulin’s biosynthesis, signaling pathways, and the pathophysiology of insulin deficiency and resistance, while highlighting cutting-edge advancements in insulin therapy, including recombinant analogs, smart delivery systems, and regenerative approaches. Challenges such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, patient adherence, and global access disparities are critically analyzed. By synthesizing contemporary scientific evidence, this article underscores insulin’s indispensable role in mitigating diabetic complications, enhancing quality of life, and addressing the escalating diabetes epidemic.