Significance of genetic polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review

The etiology and clinical manifestations of immune-mediated diseases are known to be attributed to a variety of hereditary and environmental variables. In the instance of the genetic factor, genetic variations have been identified in a range of autoimmune disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a viable approach for determining the inherited basis of disease-causing genes. We can investigate mutation or polymorphisms correlated to identify the diseases and predict outcomes by fully understanding these results. Autoimmune diseases are distinguished by a lack of self-tolerance, which results in immune-mediated tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Although studies indicate associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the human genome and autoimmune disorders, the findings are still ambiguous. A literature review was explored to identify the relationship between polymorphisms and autoimmune disease. In this study, we will discuss the significant outcomes of GWAS in common autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, migraine, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. We further explore the prospective role of these innovations in terms of disease forecasting, basic biology, and the development of possible therapies. Continuous developments in technology and analytic methods have boosted the effectiveness and efficiency of genetic mapping approaches.