Hybosa acutangula Spaeth 1913

Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 Egg (Figs 2–4) Measurements (n = 5 [mm]). Mean length of egg: 1.38; width: 0.89 (Table 1). Flat, elongated, integument slightly granulated, light brown; covered by a transparent mass placing them together and overlapping. Egg mass covered by a dark faecal shield, mostly rounded, measuring 5.6 mm x 4.7 mm (mean, n = 3). First instar larva (Figs 11–43) Measurements (n = 7 [mm]): length of body: 0.85–1.30; width of body: 0.55–0.60; length of supra-anal processes: 0.75–0.87; width of head: 0.40–0.42 (Table 1). Length of body was measured without head, from anterior border of pronotum to the base of supra-anal processes; width of body was measured across metathorax without lateral scoli. Body dorso-ventrally flattened, elongate-oval, narrowed posteriorly, widest across meso- and metathorax (Fig. 11). Larvae preserved in alcohol light yellow with a brown head and two brown spots on the pronotum, light brown supra-anal processes and legs. Lateral scoli of fourth pair reduced thus body is with 15 pairs of scoli and a pair of supra-anal processes; additional distinct tubercles (which look like very short lateral scoli) apically armed with single seta is placed between scoli of second and third pair (Figs 11, 12, 26, 27). Scoli of thorax, of posterior pair on meso- and metathorax, and of last pair on abdomen the longest, slightly longer than half width of body. Remaining lateral scoli shorter, more or less of the same length, their length is as half length of the longest scoli. All lateral scoli apically armed with long seta (Figs 28, 29), each apical seta is as long as length of scoli on which seta is located; scoli without lateral branches but with a few setae (usually 2–4) on sides (Figs 24, 25). Supra-anal processes as long as length of abdomen, bent dorsally, basally covered with asperities then with spines, apexes rounded without apical setae (Figs 11, 34–36). Anal turret distinct and 2-segmented (Figs 11–13). Nine pairs of spiracles (one on thorax and eight on abdomen), each distinctly elevated, and visible from dorsal view (Figs 11, 12, 31, 33). Body distinctly granulated (Fig. 11). Minute setae at anterior border of tergites and sternites; tergites and sternites with setae. Setae of tergites short, setae of sternites very long in comparison to setae of tergites. Setae of head and legs of the same type as of body (Figs 11–15, 23, 37–40). Each side of pronotum with ten setae; single campaniform sensillum on each anterior side, close to body axis (Fig. 12). Anterior border of meso- and metanotum with a pair of minute setae placed medially and two minute setae on each side laterally. Meso- and metanotum also with two rows of setae running along width of tergite: first with two setae placed antero-medially, and second with ten setae placed posteriorly; three setae on each antero-lateral side. Anterior border of abdominal tergite I with a pair of minute setae placed medially and two minute setae on each side laterally. Abdominal tergites II–VIII with a pair of minute setae at anterior border medially and single minute seta on each side laterally. One minute seta and one long seta close to each abdominal spiracle. Abdominal tergite I also with two rows of long setae running along width: with six setae placed anteriorly and second with four setae placed postero-medially. Abdominal tergites II–VIII on each side with a pair of long setae placed on each antero-lateral side and with row of four long setae placed postero-medially. Anterior border of pro-, meso- and metasternum with two minute setae (Fig. 13). Two minute setae at base of each leg. Two pairs of pointed setae in the middle of pro-, meso and metasternum. Anterior margin of all abdominal sternites with one pair of minute setae placed medially. Moreover, abdominal sternites I–IV with eight long, pointed setae placed medially and two setae on each postero-lateral side. Abdominal sternite V with six long, pointed setae placed medially and two setae on each postero-lateral. Abdominal sternites VI–VII with four long, pointed setae placed medially and two setae on each postero-lateral side. Abdominal sternite VIII with four setae in the middle of segment. Single seta at base of each abdominal lateral scoli. Head well sclerotized, hypognathous, retracted into pronotum. Median suture complete, connected with frontoclypeal suture (Figs 14, 15, 37–40). Clypeus distinct, wider than long, with one pair of setae and one pair of campaniform sensilla (Fig. 14). Six distinct stemmata on each side of head (Figs 38, 40). Head on each side with four small, vertical, pointed setae (V 1–4; Figs 14, 37, 41), and five frontal rows of long setae: row Fa with three setae, Fb with five setae, Fc with three (sometimes four—doubled Fc2) setae, Fd with single seta, Fe with two setae (Fig. 14). Temporal surface of head with three setae (Fig. 15). Antennae 2-segmented, set in membranous ring (Figs 22, 38, 43). Both antennomeres stout but first is wider than long, and the second longer than wide. First antennomere with four campaniform sensilla, second with small seta on side at base and group of six peg-like sensilla at apex: one prominent (sensory appendix) and five small. Labrum wider than long, anterior margin shallowly emarginate (Figs 16, 17). Dorsal side of labrum with a medial row of four setae and two pairs of campaniform sensilla placed centrally. Anterior margin with 16 setae: eight short, thin placed medially (not visible from dorsal side) in shallow emargination, three stout, long, placed on each lateral side, and one slim, long placed dorsally between thin and stout setae. A pair of fine setae, four campaniform sensilla, and 16 small sensilla usually arranged in four groups (each with four sensilla) in the mid part of ventral surface (epipharyngeal area). Numerous small spines in the central and lateral parts of ventral side of labrum. Mandibles heavily sclerotized, palmate, with four distinct, triangular, apical teeth in one row, and two setae and two campaniform sensilla at base dorsally (Figs 18, 19). Maxillae and labium connate (Figs 20, 21, 42). Each stipes (st) with three pointed setae. Mala (mal) not distinctly bordered from palpifer (pp), broad, truncate at the apex, bearing: six pointed setae, single blunt seta, one peg like sensillum and one campaniform sensillum. Dorsally palpifer covered with spines (Fig. 21). Ventrally palpifer with two setae and two campaniform sensilla (Fig. 20). Maxillary palp 2-segmented: first segment (mpI) with 2 setae and one campaniform sensillum, second segment (mpII) with a group of sensilla at apex, and one campaniform sensillum and one seta below the apex. Labial palp (lp) one-segmented with a group of sensilla at the apex (Fig. 42) and single campaniform sensillum below the apex. Hypopharynx (hyp) covered with numerous spines, with four campaniform sensilla at base. Prementum (pre) with two setae and four campaniform sensilla. Postmentum (post) with six setae. Legs elongate (Figs 23, 30, 32), 3-segmented, consisting of: coxa, femur, tibiotarsus and pretarsus. Internal side of coxa with setae arranged in three groups: first group with two short, pointed setae (placed at border between coxa and body); second with three pointed setae; third with three short pointed setae and one long seta. Two short, pointed setae on coxa externally. Femur with eleven long setae (two of them very long, 2–3 times longer than remaining setae on femur, placed ventrally) and a short seta placed dorsally close to the base. Moreover, base of femur with a group of five campaniform sensilla and very short-pointed seta internally, one campaniform sensillum ventrally, and two campaniform sensilla externally. Two long apically blunt setae on tibiotarsus dorsally. Pretarsus heavily sclerotized, in form of short and curved, single, and simple claw armed basally with a pointed seta. Claw surrounded by a group of six blunt, apically curved setae; pointed seta and two campaniform sensilla dorsally at base of claw. Fifth instar (mature) larva (Figs 7, 8, 44, 45, 48–64) Measurements in mm (n = 8): length of body: 7.40–10.50; width of body: 3.50–4.50; length of supra-anal processes (measured like in Fig. 8): 2.00; width of head: 1.50–1.65 (Table 1). Length of body was measured without head, from anterior border of pronotum to the base of supra-anal processes; width of body was measured across metanotum without lateral scoli. Alive larva yellow whereas larvae preserved in alcohol straw-coloured (yellowish-white) with brown head, lateral scoli and spiracles; supra-anal processes brown ventrally and with four brown spots at base dorsally; coxae brown, femora brown at base and around distal part, tibiotarsi brown dorsally (Figs 7, 8, 44, 45). Body elongate-oval, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, widest across meso- and metathorax, abdominal segments very slightly narrowed posteriorly (Figs 44, 45). Sixteen pairs of lateral scoli and a pair of supra-anal processes: four pairs of lateral scoli on prothorax, two pairs on meso- and metathorax, and a pair on each abdominal segment (I–VIII). No scoli at the level of the thoracic spiracles. First three thoracic lateral scoli placed close each other, scoli of first pair pointed in direction of head; scoli of third pair shorter than remaining thoracic scoli, pointed opposite to scoli of first pair. Scoli of anterior meso- and metathoracic pairs slightly shorter than of posterior pairs. Abdominal scoli similar in size with thoracic scoli. In general, all lateral scoli short (in relation to the body width), approximately as long as 1/4 of width of segment on which they are placed. Scoli without lateral branches, covered with setae (each placed in tiny tubercle) and apically armed with pointed seta (Fig. 51). Supra-anal processes short and stout, bent dorsally, covered with pointed setae in 2/3 basal length, without apical seta (Figs 8, 44). Anal turret distinct and 2-segmented (Fig. 45). Nine pairs of spira