Scaphium immaculatum

Scaphium immaculatum (Olivier) Scaphidium immaculatum Olivier, 1790: 20. Scaphium rufipes Reitter, 1883: 41. (Figs 13–24) Remarks. The species was based on specimens collected near Paris, France (Olivier, 1790: 20: 5). It was originally assigned to Scaphidium Olivier, 1790, and transferred to Scaphium by Erichson (1845). Reitter (1883) redescribed S. immaculatum as a new species, Scaphium rufipes, based on a female collected at Kars (East Turkey). The latter name was placed in synonymy by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1985). Many European authors provided records and mentioned adult characters of S. immaculatum (see Löbl 2018), but only Tamanini (1969, 1970) gave detailed redescriptions. The larval characters of S. immaculatum remain unknown. Natural history. As fungi hosts are known Boletus sp. (Fröhlich 1897), Ramaria aurea (in Horion 1949), Russula nigricans (in Benick 1952) and Lactarius piperatus (in Burakowski et al. 1978). Zamotajlov & Nikitsky (2010) reported the species from unidentified rotten fungi. Redtenbacher (1874) noted occurrence on willow tree fungi, and according to Köhler (2009) the species occurs mainly under Sambucus niger. Horion (1949) compiled known data and noted as the habitat moss, moist coniferous litter, fungi on oak stumps, and rotting fungi. Horion (1949) and Plaisier (1986) noted the occurrence on French, German and Netherland coastal dunes. Tamanini (1970) gave oak leaf litter as the habitat in Italy, according to Daufin (2014) the species was found in France in dead leaves and litter, and IL found the species in Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Algeria sieving moist leaf litter. Distribution range. Europe except Fennoscandia and the Baltic States, Georgia, Algeria and Tunisia, Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran (Löbl 2018).