REVIEW ON CALENDAR AGING MECHANISMS AND ESTIMATIONS OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have changed the storage of energy in a major way, and so they are now considered an extremely important technology in electronic powered devices such as EVs (EVs), consumer electronics, and renewable energy storage systems. They have, though, under different conditions of use, had slower capacity in general due to both the increased and decreased reactions and the mechanical units that were consequently eroded in the course of their use and storage. These are cyclic aging and calendar aging. Cycle aging occurs when batteries are repeatedly charged and discharged. And calendar aging means a gradual loss of performance even when the battery is not actively being used. Both types of aging are affected by several factors such as temperature, charge level, and usage pattern.