A Review of the Geology and Petroleum Resources of Gulf of Mexico (GOM)

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the geology and petroleum resources of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), emphasizing its significance as one of the world's largest petroleum basins. The GOM’s geological formation began during the Mesozoic Era with the breakup of Pangea, which led to the creation of the basin through processes like rifting and seafloor spreading. The basin is characterized by thick sedimentary deposits and complex salt tectonics, which have contributed to the region's hydrocarbon potential. Hydrocarbon production in the GOM has evolved from shallow waters to deepwater and ultra-deepwater drilling, driven by advances in technology and increased demand. Miocene-age reservoirs have been the most productive, while future potential lies in the Lower Tertiary formations. Despite its economic significance, the GOM faces significant challenges, including environmental hazards like hurricanes and oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Mitigation efforts focus on improving subsurface data analysis, advanced seismic imaging, regulatory frameworks, and technological advancements to manage environmental risks while optimizing hydrocarbon recovery. The paper underscores the need for sustainable practices in hydrocarbon extraction while exploring the potential for renewable offshore energy and carbon storage as future energy solutions for the GOM.